Buying Verses Renting A House - How Will One Choose Essay

Purchasing Verses Renting A House - How Will One Choose - Essay Example Having a home regularly ties up a huge number of sum that might be spended all the more safely and all the more productively elsewhere throughout the following decade. What's more, while property merchants or sellers may sicken to let it be known, home belonging connects with its own portrayals of indulgence cash away, similar to resources charges and the expenses of rummaging. The examination outlines fundamental expenses and benefits of having and leasing, along with tax cuts - and having a home these days is more sumptuous than leasing (The Economist, 2005, Issue 8416). There are detectably turnovers to home belongings farther than the fiscal models, similar to quietness and a sentiment of steadiness. Owners can't have their home pulled away by a land owner who has guaranteed to move back in. Proprietors can likewise change the paint of their lounge dividers or spot entryways or windows without asking any approval. Union these compensations with the legally binding costs of a house deal, and leasing in all likelihood doesn't make insight for a great many people who already own their home and feel built up in it. Yet, the calculation can look genuinely assorted for the individuals who are considering moving in any case or who don't up till now own a home. In any event, tenants in blast markets, who much of the time grieve that they are squandering riches, ought to be acquainted with that their choice has as powerful a money related support as purchasing does at present. (The Economist, 2005, Issue 8416) In U.S a 1,000-sq.ft, two-room condo on the rental charge is for about $3,700 every month. Buying an equivalent loft cost roughly $1.1 million, which can unravel into month to month costs of $6,000 or appropriately. To assess the expense of leasing, the examiner summarized month to month lease and tenants' spread. For having, the examiner consolidated specific expenses for home protection, fundamental fixes, resources duties and acknowledge installments, just as the duty deductions they create. This assesses claiming is progressively costly consistently; hence buyers are betting totally on value admirations. (Purchasing Or Renting A House, Online, P1) But to innumerable individuals, the psychosomatic benefits of buying are pretty much impractical to overcome. Having bodes well that they have achieved a fantasy worked out as expected, or it gives them the ensured sense that, if nothing plus, they have a solid resource where they can sleep in haziness. These are lovely contemplations, absolutely. The inquiry is the manner by which significantly they are important to you. Points of interest And Disadvantages - Buying Or Renting A House Taking in one's very own house is a basic piece of one's fantasy. In any case, scores of individuals hold paradox about the money related highlights of buying and having a home. It is forever more beneficial to buy a house; paying rent resembles driving cash along the channel. For a considerable length of time, such proposal has certain networks to have a credit like distraught to jump on the assets positioning at most punctual. Be that as it may, as one sees the world over House costs are at present at significant levels in contrast with rents in a great deal of parts of the world and right now, it again and again bodes well, especially for first-time buyers, to lease. Home buyers are obligated to underestimate their expense. Some time ago support costs, protection and

Social Outcasts in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men :: Steinbeck Of Mice and Men Essays

Social Outcasts in Of Mice and Men   In the novel Of Mice and Men composed by John Steinbeck, an assortment of characters are available, despite the fact that, not all fit in.  Two of the most grounded models are Crooks, and Curley's Wife.  Throughout the novel, they are depicted as social untouchables in whatever they did. Another genuine model is Lennie, essentially on account of his psychological condition.  All three are treated in a pitiless way at some point in the novel.       Crooks is a more established dark man with a slanted back, who lives without anyone else in the barn.  He was asked not to trouble the whites, and to avoid their way, thus consequently he demands that nobody trouble him.  Being the main African American on the farm, the peruser starts to address prejudice and prejudice.  Were the others supremacist toward Crooks?  Not really, they just didn't permit him to hang out in the bunkhouse with them.  At one point in the novel, Crooks discusses how desolate he gets, and how a man goes crazy without anybody to talk with.  He says this to Lennie:         S'pose you didn't have no one. S'pose you were unable to go into the bunkhouse and play rummy 'cause you was dark. How'd you like that? S'pose you needed to sit around here a' read books. Sure you could play horseshoes till it got dim, yet then you got the opportunity to understand books. Books ain't nothing more than a bad memory. A person needs someone to be close to him. A person goes crazy on the off chance that he ain't got no one. Try not to make no distinction who the person is, long's he's with you. I tell ya, I tell ya a fellow gets excessively desolate a' he becomes ill (pg's. 72-73)     Regardless of whether no one treated him like an outsider, or as such considered him a nigger and pushed him around, he needed to feel like one. The above statement clarifies what Crooks felt forlornness could do to a man.       different men on the farm likewise treat Curley's significant other, who is rarely given a name, poorly.  She is continually searching for consideration and playing with them, what's more, this turns them off immensely.  The way that she is the main lady in Social Outcasts in John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men :: Steinbeck Of Mice and Men Essays Social Outcasts in Of Mice and Men   In the novel Of Mice and Men composed by John Steinbeck, an assortment of characters are available, in spite of the fact that, not all fit in.  Two of the most grounded models are Crooks, and Curley's Wife.  Throughout the novel, they are depicted as social pariahs in whatever they did. Another genuine model is Lennie, chiefly due to his psychological condition.  All three are treated in a savage way at some point in the novel.       Crooks is a more established dark man with a slanted back, who lives without anyone else in the barn.  He was asked not to trouble the whites, and to avoid their way, thus in this manner he demands that nobody trouble him.  Being the main African American on the farm, the peruser starts to address bigotry and prejudice.  Were the others bigot toward Crooks?  Not really, they just didn't permit him to hang out in the bunkhouse with them.  At one point in the novel, Crooks discusses how desolate he gets, and how a man goes crazy without anybody to talk with.  He says this to Lennie:         S'pose you didn't have no one. S'pose you were unable to go into the bunkhouse and play rummy 'cause you was dark. How'd you like that? S'pose you needed to sit over here a' read books. Sure you could play horseshoes till it got dull, however then you got the chance to understand books. Books ain't a whole lot of nothing. A person needs someone to be close to him. A person goes crazy in the event that he ain't got no one. Try not to make no distinction who the person is, long's he's with you. I tell ya, I tell ya a fellow gets excessively desolate a' he becomes ill (pg's. 72-73)     Regardless of whether no one treated him like an untouchable, or at the end of the day considered him a nigger and pushed him around, he needed to feel like one. The above statement clarifies what Crooks felt dejection could do to a man.       different men on the farm likewise treat Curley's significant other, who is rarely given a name, poorly.  She is continually searching for consideration and playing with them, furthermore, this turns them off immensely.  The way that she is the main lady in

Liability for theft - Free Essay Example

? ? ? ? , , ? , 9 (1) (?) ? 1968 ?. [1], ? ? , , ? , . , ? ? , A ? B ? , , . , , ? , ? ? , , ? , ? , . [2] , ? ? ? ? ? ? , , 9 (1) (b), ? ? ( ) ? . , , ? . [3] , ? , ? ? () , ? . ? , - . [4] A ? B , ? ? , , actus reus . ? , , , , . 2 , , , . [5] ? , , ? , [6] ? , . [7] , , ? , . , , , , . ? ? ? , , ? , ? , . A ? B ? , , , Â « Â » [9] . [10] , , ? , GBH, , . A ?, , 9 (1) (b) ? . , , ? ? , . , , . , ; , ? ? . ? , ? , ?. ? , , ? ? ? . B , , , , [11] / GBH ? , . [12] , ? , , ? , B ? ? ? GBH. [13] , , ABH, , , . [14] 47 , ? ? , , . REA ? [15] , ? , , , 47 . , B . [16] , , , , , , , ? , . , B , ? , ? . [17] ? , 47 ? ? B. B ; , ? , , . [18] ? ? ? , , ? , , ? ? ? - . , ? , ? . ? , , B ? , , B . [19] ? , ? , , ? , ? . B ? , ? ? . : 1000 DPP v. Gomez [1993] AC 442 R v. Ghosh [1982] QB 1053 R v. Hale (1978) 68 Cr App R 415 R v. Holden [1991] Crim LR 478 R v. Jones and Smith [1976] 3 ER 54 R v. Powell ; R v. English [1997] 3 WLR 959 R v. Robinson [1977] Crim LR 173 R v. Savage [1992] 1 AC 699 R v. Uddin [1999] Crim LR 987 R v. Walkington [1979] 2 ER 716 T v. DPP [2003] Crim LR 622 Allen, M., (2003) , 7- ? ., : Oxford University Press Clarkson, CMV and Keating, HM, (2003) : ? , 5- ? ., : Sweet Maxwell Herring, J., (2004) : , ? , : Oxford University Press Padfield, N., (2004) Criminal Law, 4th ed., Oxford: Clarendon Law Press Smith, J.C., (2005) The Law of Theft, 8th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press 1 Footnotes [1] All statutory references are to the Theft Act 1968 unless otherwise stated. [2] R v. Jones and Smith [1976] 3 All ER 54. [3] Section 1(1) Theft Act 1968. [4] DPP v. Gomez [1993] AC 442. [5] Section 2(1)(a) Theft Act 1968. [6] R v. Holden [1991] Crim LR 478 [7] R v. Robinson [1977] Crim LR 173 [8] R v. Ghosh [1982] QB 1053 [9] R v. Walkington [1979] 2 All ER 716 [10] Sections 9(1)(a) and 9(1)(b) Theft Act 1968 [11] Section 47 Offences against the Person Act 1861 [12] Section 20 Offences against the Person Act 1861 [13] Section 9(1)(b) Theft Act 1968 [14] T v. DPP [2003] Crim LR 622 [15] R v. Savage [1992] 1 AC 699 [16] Section 9 Theft Act 1968 [17] R v. Hale (1978) 68 Cr App R 415 [18] R v. Powell; R v. English [1997] 3 WLR 959 [19] R v. Uddin [1999] Crim LR 987

Poverty and Social Work Essay example - 8858 Words

From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America- Walter I. Trattner Chapter 1: The Background The chapter traces the origin of welfare practices and caring for the needy from primitive times to the Elizabethan Poor Laws. References include Hammurabi, a Babylonian ruler who included protection of the vulnerable a part of his code in 2000 BC and the ancient Greeks and Romans (including Aristotle, 384-322 BC) who considered giving to charity a virtue. Perhaps more important to American welfare, were ancient Jewish doctrines which established that giving and receiving were duties. Those who could give were obliged to do so, while those who were in need were obliged to accept help. The Talumd codified these†¦show more content†¦Various residency requirements were used to determine who should get aid. During the 17th and 18th centuries, strangers were warned to leave town within a given period of time. The expanding economy in the colonies made settlement determinations increasingly difficult and this system was nearly abandoned by the end of the 18th century. The â€Å"unsettled poor† led to the first major revision in poor relief. Many people were driven from their homes to Boston during King Philip’s War, which led the locality to appeal to the state for funds to care for the poor in 1701. Attitudes toward poverty relief stemmed from the Elizabethan poor law system. Public responsibility for the needy was stressed. At the same time, Calvinism was very influential. Hard work was considered â€Å"a calling† and a virtue, leading to the widespread condemnation of the able-bodied poor. Idleness among the able-bodied was punished via indentured servitude, whipping, and exile from town. Idleness was akin to a crime. The native American’s refusal to adopt western religion and ways of living was also considered a vice and led to extermination. Slaves were to be taken care of by slave owners and free blacks were excluded from official poor relief. Apprenticeship was used to care for children, both because it was a good means of discipline, it was efficient, and it corresponded with Calvinistic ideas. Separate laws for the mentally ill were less common. Massachusetts enacted a lawShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Media On Classism1484 Words   |  6 PagesStates was built on the concept of the American dream. The idea that anyone can achieve success if they just work hard enough and are determined enough is very lucrative. Unfortunately the American dream is not as obtainable as many think. 65% of children raised in the bottom fifth income bracket will remain in the bottom two brackets (Adams, et al., 2013, p. 143). This means that even with hard work and determination the majority of Americans will not achieve the American dream. When a person has basedRead MorePoverty Is The State Of Being Extremely Poor1618 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty is generally regarded as the state of being extremely poor. While this is true, this state can only be judged as a relation to a given social or economic state. In light of this, a better way to define poverty would be; the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions (Merriam-Webster). Poverty has many faces, changing from place to place and across time, and has been described in many ways. Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. PovertyRead MoreSocial Exclusion vs. Poverty Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagescontribute towards social exclusion in the United Kingdom. Not all of these factors are as straightforward as each other. By considering these causes, I will be able to explain why poverty is not the same as social exclusion. 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Three sources will be analysed, for the academic my main source is on the book of Ridge (2002) which is Childhood Poverty and Social Exclusion from a Childs perspective, next for media source it isRead MoreSocial Welfare And The Field Of Social Work861 Words   |  4 PagesThree thousand years ago, people recognized that they had a moral obligation to help those in need. Looking back on the history of social work, there have been many definitions of the field, but it is ever-changing and expanding to include the things that happen in society every day. The 1800’s were a defining period of time for social welfare and the field of social work was born. For the time, there was such progressive a cts stemming from many factors affecting the United States including a populationRead MoreCurrent Poverty Of The Uk1490 Words   |  6 PagesCurrent poverty in the UK is measured in terms of relative poverty. Townsend who is known for his work on relative poverty describes it as â€Å"Their resources are so seriously below those commanded by the average individual or family that they are, in effect, excluded from ordinary living patterns, customs and activities† (Townsend, 1979) To measure if someone is living in relative poverty they have to be earning under 60% of the average household income, it was estimated that in 2013/14 13.2 millionRead MoreBshs 325 Week 4 Macro System1114 Words   |  5 PagesKrist-Ashman, 2010). Social work is viewed in three categories: macro, mezzo, and micro. These three categories at times have a tendency to coincide and influence each other. The practice of macro social work is the effort to help clients by intervening in a larger system, such as at the neighborhood, institution, or at a smaller group level (Zastrow Krist-Ashman, 2010). Macro practice empowers clients by involving them in systematic change. An example would be part of a change in a social change at a largeRead MorePoverty As A Social Problem1739 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty as a Social Problem Magdalena Brania Mrs. Kropf May 27, 2015 Poverty is inscribed in the history of the world, but it is not inherent fate of every human being. It is also not related to the human nature, which does not mean that it can not be due to its nature. All communities experience it, with a greater or lesser extent way causing psychological and sociological conflicts. Society who have to deal with poverty is not only from undeveloped countries, but also developed

Bipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Patients Life

In the world of mental health disorders, one of the most common is Bipolar Disorder. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), Bipolar Disorder affects as much as 2.6% of the adult population. The effects of Bipolar Disorder can range from mild (having little impact on the patient’s day to day life) to severe (making the patient’s life debilitating and nonfunctioning). Bipolar Disorder also has a devastating effect on the patient’s friends and family. Bipolar Disorder is one of the most common mental health disorders, however, with proper treatment; the sufferer can go on to live a normal and useful life. Body Bipolar Disorder is defined as â€Å"a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day to day tasks†. (‘Bipolar Disorder’, 2016). Bipolar disorder has periods of elevated moods called manic episodes as well as severely depressed moods called hypomanic episodes. A manic episode is defined as â€Å"a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood that lasts at least one week (or less than a week if hospitalization is necessary). The episode includes persistently increased goal directed activity or energy† (‘Diseases and Conditions; Bipolar Disorder’, 2015). A hypomanic episode is defined as â€Å"a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood that lasts at least four consecutive days† (‘Diseases and Conditions; BipolarShow MoreRelatedManic Depression : Symptoms Of Symptoms And Treatments1339 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesillness that influence or defect the way people feel, interact, socialize, and act. At least fifteen percent of people with bipolar disorder commit suicide. Moreover, the symptoms of this illness show in adolescence or adulthood. According to the World Health Organization mental health Atlas research, in 2014, which published a prevalent and latest estimated data of bipolar disorder covering â€Å"About 2 % of the population of both women and men are suffering from this condition.† Many factors of this diseaseRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Bipolar Disorder1345 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder Definition Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Bipolar disorder affects approximately 57 million adult Americans, (Bipolar Disorder Statistics, 2016). It is more common for this disorder to affect adults rather than adolescent, with the onset age being somewhere around 25 years of age. 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Bipolar disorder oppresses 3 to 5% of the populace with inconvenient impact on life possibilities. People with Bipolar Disorder will face life span danger for mood shifts, including fatal consequences. â€Å"It is sixth most common cause of disability in the United States (Altman et al., 2006)Read MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Bipolar disorder is a fairly common, yet publicly uneducated topic. Bipolar disorder is a frequently repeated and progressive condition wherein one experiences at least one manic episode followed by at least one depressive episode. According to Ferri and Reus (2016), bipolar disorder could be caused from calcium dysregulation, an abnormality of GABA, and the G-protein-coupled receptor abnormality (p. 174). 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Strategy for Modern Competitive Environment - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStrategy for Modern Competitive Environment. Answer: Introduction: Strategy is the very important concept that has been studied since years. For making improvements in the business, strategic approach by management in every function is important. This assay deals with the discussion of the strategy and its importance for business and for a non-profit organization. The later part of the essay discusses about the challenges faced by the organizations in developing and implementing the strategy. The concept of modern competitive environment and its relation with strategy is also discussed in the essay. Strategy: Strategy is the concept that has been adopted in businesses by military. Strategy can be defined as the set of activities that bridges the gap between the means and the ends. The term strategy has entered the business area by describing the activities or the steps that the company takes in order to compete in the industry and to enhance the customers base (Besanko, Dranove, Shanley and Schaefer, 2009). Strategy is the result of the decision that has been made by the companys top management regarding the process or the policies that needs to be followed by the organization in order to work effectively. It can be defined as the patterns of the actions that are being implemented in order to perform (Ireland, 2007). It can simply be explained as the direction in which the company performs in order to achieve its goals. Importance in business: Strategy provides direction to the company: as discussed that strategy is the set of activities that needs to be conducted in the company in order to perform the tasks. These strategies provide the direction to the company to achieve its gaols. Thus it is very important for the business to make the strategies to perform each and every task. Strategy helps in using the resources optimally: making the strategy also helps in using the resources effectively and intelligently (Johnson, Langley, Melin and Whittington, 2007). There are many resources available with the organza tin. Excessive use of these resources may increase the cost of production. Thus, framing the strategy helps in using those resources effectively so that cost of production can be maintained. Enhancing business and customers retention: Strategy needs to be framed by the company in every function such as marketing, sales, HR, operations etc. making the strategy for different function results in enhancing the business practices and also helps in retaining the customers as the customers also prefer to associate with the company having proper functioning (Gobble, 2012). Example: Woolworth is the company that operates in supermarket retail industry in Australia. It is one of the leading companies in the industry and its strategies are its competitive advantage. Its effective strategies allow the company to compete with its competitors. The company evaluates the industry and the market and develop the strategies accordingly. The recent strategy of the company is to reduce the prices and cater the market (Dos Santos, 2011). As far as the expansion strategy is considered, the company focuses on developing new stores in Australia so that customers reach can be enhanced. Importance in NPO: The importance of strategy in Non-profit organization is slightly different from the for profit organization. This is because the success of the strategy in for-profit organization can be measured by its revenue, sales etc. Non-profit organizations also need strategy but their aim is different (Nestorovska, 2013). The effectiveness of strategy in this organization can be determined by the large number of people the organization is serving. Effectiveness: Strategy helps in making the process effective in the non-profit organizations. This is because if the processes of these organizations are effective then only the organization can attract more number of people (Doole and Lowe, 2008). Fund raising: Non-profit organisation need funds and cash inflow, which they cannot earn but have to get it from the other organizations (Teece, 2010). This process also required the company to make strategy so that more and more profit organization invest and support the non-profit organization. Planning: It is one of the major advantages the non-profit organization has by making the strategies. Planning is not only important for non-profit organization but also for the for profit organizations. Different non-profit organizations have different gaols and have different strategies to achieve the same. Some runs their firm to support the animals, some support the poor people. So, this organization works for a social cause. Oxfam is one of the NPO in Australia that believes in implementing different strategies to cater the service to the people. As far as the recent strategy of the company is considered, they are concentrating on empowering women so that the social cause of domestic violence can be removed (Eyben, Kidder, Rowlands and Bronstein, 2008). Thus making strategy of educating the women and supporting them has supported them to achieve the gaols. Challenges in developing strategy: for business and for NPO Environmental challenges: the major challenge that the organizations face in order to develop the strategy for the company is environmental challenge (Dul, Bruder, Buckle, Carayon, Falzon, Marras, Wilson and van der Doelen, 2012). The internal and the external environment of the company affect the strategy development of the same. This is because the change in the internal environmental of the company and the variations in the industrial environment have to be considered when the strategy of the company needs to be developed. Challenges of resource availability: It is very important for the companies to make use of the resources available in optimum manner (Freeman, 2010). This is because if the company does not use the resources optimally then it may raise their cost of production. The availability of the resources is also challenge for the company as the company needs to make the strategy according to the resource available to them. Sustainability as a challenge: These days, sustainability is the big challenge faced by the organizations (David, 2011). This is because the practices of the companies are harming the nature and the atmosphere. Thus making the strategy according to the sustainability laws in mind is necessary. Legal and governmental policies: different policies area framed by the government for different industries. Thus, the organization needs to frame the strategy in accordance with the legal policies made by the government (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2012). Challenges in implementing strategy: Insufficient partner buy in: implementing the strategy requires the process to be followed. Kit has been analysed that it is not necessary that every partner needs the change or can adapt the change effectively. Thus, it is very difficult to make the changes or implementing the strategy in the process. Insufficient leadership attention: implanting strategy requires effective leadership. This is because here the leaders have to pay their part in implementing the strategy and helping thee people to adapt the same. Implementation of the strategy fails when there is weak leadership. Weak strategy: for implementing the strategy effectively, it is required to make strong strategy that is appropriate to achieve the desired gaols (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). If the strategy that has been made is not related to the goals that have been set then it is not possible to get the desired outcome and thus the implementation of the strategy also fails. Making the strategies that are appropriate and aligned with the objectives that need to be achieved then the implementation of the strategy become very easy as it automatically gives best results. Resistance of change: there are employees in the organization that resist the changes that have been made in the companys process (Peppard and Ward, 2016). This is because the change in the processes requires the organization to make changes in the associated function as well. The employees need to adapt those changes and require to get trained in new processes and skills. Some of them resist these changes as they need to make so much effort to adapt such changes. Example: Oxfam is the non-profit organisation that has faced many issues at the time of implementing the strategies. One of the issues or the challenge is the weak management role. This is the major challenge that has been faced by the company called Oxfam (Eyben, Kidder, Rowlands and Bronstein, 2008). Some of the other problems are unaligned structure of the company, lack of communication between the department etc. these problems need to be resolved so that the strategies cam be implemented easily in the company. Modern competitive environment: A modern competitive environment can be defied as the external system that affects the practices of the company or the business. It is the environment where all the companies function and compete with each other to get large customers base and market share. If there are large numbers of sellers in the market then the industry has to face large competition as the customers have many choices. In other case if there are less number of sellers than customers have fewer choices and thus the competition is also low in that industry (Wheelen and Hunger, 2011). This competitive environment also involves the competitors that can be divided into two categories. First one is the direct competitors. These are the competitors who sell the similar type of products while the indirect competitors are those who sell different types of products but still compete with the other companies. For any business, it is very necessary to conduct competitive environment analysis so that information about the in dustry and the competitors can be analysed in order to frame the strategy. There are many factors that affect the competition the industry. Two of the factors are indirect and direct competitors. The third factor that affects the competitive environment in this modern world is the regulators elements. Government makes different policies for different industry. The last element that makes the environment competitive is the social and technological trends. The social and technological trends are changing and thus making the environment more competitive for some of the companies. This is because the companies have to change their processes according to the new technology. Relevancy of strategy in modern competitive environment: Strategy formation is that major function that needs to be conducted in the organization and environment of the industry is major component that affect the formation of the industry. This is because the change in the environment and the level of competition in the industry allow the company to make changes in its strategies so that it can compete in the competitive environment of the industry. It has been analysed that porters five forces is the technique that helps the organization to analyse the five factors that makes the environment competitive such as the threat of competitors, substitutes and new entrants and the bargaining power of seller or buyers. Change in these factors affects the level and intensity of the competition in the industry. For example, the fast food industry is becoming highly competitive these days (Besanko, Dranove, Shanley and Schaefer, 2009. This is because of the changes in the demands and choices of the people from the fast food companies. McDonalds have realised that the environment is becoming competitive and thus developed the strategy of serving the people with different types of meals other than burgers such as McPuff, McFlurry etc. this facilitates the company to cater big market and customers base. There are many companies such as Woolworth and Coles who understands the competition level in the market and this make the strategy accordingly. Conclusion: It has been concluded from the report that Strategy is the very important concept that has been studied since years. For making improvements in the business, strategic approach by management in every function is important. Strategy is the concept that has been adopted in businesses by military. Strategy can be defined as the set of activities that bridges the gap between the means and the ends. It has been analysed from the report that strategy is very important for the business and for the Non-profit organizations as well. This is because for running the business and achieving the desired goals, it is required by the company to frame the strategies that provide direction that needs to be followed. References: Besanko, D., Dranove, D., Shanley, M. and Schaefer, S., 2009.Economics of strategy. John Wiley Sons. David, F.R., 2011.Strategic management: Concepts and cases. Peaeson/Prentice Hall. Doole, I. and Lowe, R., 2008.International marketing strategy: analysis, development and implementation. Cengage Learning EMEA. Dos Santos, M.A., 2011. Minimizing the business impact on the natural environment: a case study of Woolworths South Africa.European Business Review,23(4), pp.384-391. Dul, J., Bruder, R., Buckle, P., Carayon, P., Falzon, P., Marras, W.S., Wilson, J.R. and van der Doelen, B., 2012. A strategy for human factors/ergonomics: developing the discipline and profession.Ergonomics,55(4), pp.377-395. Eyben, R., Kidder, T., Rowlands, J. and Bronstein, A., 2008. Thinking about change for development practice: a case study from Oxfam GB.Development in Practice,18(2), pp.201-212. Freeman, R.E., 2010.Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge university press. Gobble, M.M., 2012. Innovation and strategy.Research-Technology Management,55(3), pp.63-67. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Ireland, R.D., 2007. Strategy vs. entrepreneurship.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,1(1?2), pp.7-10. Johnson, G., Langley, A., Melin, L. and Whittington, R., 2007. Strategy as practice.Research directions and resources. Cambridge. Nestorovska, T., 2013. The role of the human resources in the creation of the competative advantage in the modern buisness environment.European Scientific Journal, ESJ,9(34). Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Teece, D.J., 2010. Business models, business strategy and innovation.Long range planning,43(2), pp.172-194. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2011.Concepts in strategic management and business policy. Pearson Education India.

The Corner Shop free essay sample

Analysis and interpretation of †The Corner Shop† In the last decades globalization has forced every country in the world to define what values and unique characteristics makes the country different and exceptional. The essay â€Å"The Corner Shop† is written by the British writer and former journalist at the centre-left liberal newspaper The Guardian Shyama Pereras in 2000, and it deals with this exact topic. She puts focus on how globalization has taken a thing considered as a unique specimen of a nation and changed it into something foreign. The corner shop stands today as a daily reminder that we all live in a global village. Shyama Pereras starts her essay with a quote from the Sunday Times that says â€Å"if your surname is Partel, you’re seven times more likely to be a millionaire than if your name is Smith†. To understand this statement, it’s important to understand the history of the name Partel. We will write a custom essay sample on The Corner Shop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Partel is a surname of Indian origin. Within the United Kingdom, it is the twenty-fourth most common surname nationally, and in central London it is third most common. When The Sunday Times uses Partel in comparison with the surname Smith, which is the most common name in the United Kingdom, she puts every Englishman up against every middle-eastern immigrant in the United Kingdom. What the Sunday Times really is saying, is that when you’re a middle-eastern immigrant you have a much bigger chance of being a millionaire than if your part of the indigenous English population. Pereras chooses to involve this Sunday Times â€Å"rich list†, to underline the actuality and legitimacy, which this topic has in today’s society. To exemplify she gives a daily example that especially Englishmen know and can relate to: The corner shop. This compressed form of shop where you can buy the basics such as alcoholic and soft drinks, newspaper, magazines and simple groceries has since the concepts entry been considered as a core-British asset. Shyama Pereras describes the corner shop as much more than just a little shop; it is â€Å"the center of community life†, these sights are used for locals to meet and greet. Back in time Brits used these shops as a place where they could buy their â€Å"New Zealand butter, Ceylon Tea and the Daily Herald† – all goods that are British trademarks. However did the Corner Shops undergo a drastic change up through the centuries – as the increasing globalization took its toll in the last part of 19th century, the assortment of different supplies from around the world expanded and suddenly there was a decline in demand of old traditional British articles. Here Shyama Pereras uses her own experience to further clarify this development. Her local corner shop sold the articles that you would expect from a shop like that however did a similar shop with an Indian owner expand the range of goods so it now also included readymade curry chicken, even to an unbeatable price. As a result of this, the traditional corner shop weren’t able to compete and had to close down. This wasn’t an exceptional case, the vast majority of the traditional British corner shops were replaced by a redesigned, more efficient, middle-eastern business model. Shyama Pereras doesn’t show a particular opinion in this essay. She simply explain how globalization has had its impact on our everyday life. The urbanization and multicultural flow has turned the view on what is considered as a unique characteristic of a nation and what is foreign, upside down. She calls the foreigners who came and overtook the corner shop market â€Å"innovative reinventions†. Foreign people came to the shores of the United Kingdom and took something that was the very essence of being British and changed it into something better and more efficient – it may not be as tradition-bound, but the indigenous British people has accepted this in return of a much more varied, and for some, more exciting and exotic selection of goods. Another explanation to this phenomenon could be that the Brits don’t see it as a â€Å"high status job† to be standing behind a counter all day. It may have been more socially acceptable in the old days to own a corner shop than it is today due to the economic growth of the western hemisphere and an increasing number of immigrants, who would be more than satisfied with a job in a corner shop. Shyama Pereras deals with globalization as the general theme in this essay. She tries to give an answer to how the corner shop has changed from being a symbol of nationality, to a symbol of internationality. Pereras writes through the eyes of an indigenous Brit by saying â€Å"we didn’t like† and â€Å"none of us saw at the time† which gives a feeling of her being a part of the affected group of globalization. Shyama Pereras concludes her essay with the statement: â€Å"the concept, steeped in white British history, is now a marker of our multi-ethnic future. † This underlines a tendency in modern society: that what is a national unique gem today – may be global mainstream tomorrow. .

Cherokee Removal essays

Cherokee Removal essays In my opinion the removal of the Cherokee Indians wasnt justified at all. The Cherokee Indians had settled in Georgia a long time before the European settlers had settled. Now you would think that the government would respect the fact that the Cherokee Indians were there first and that they adapted to the land first. Congress had no right to pass an act called the Indian Removal Act. This act allowed Jackson to go on with his goal of relocating Eastern Native American west of the Mississippi River. Then Georgias lawmakers decided to say that Cherokees could not testify against any white man or dig for gold in their own nation. If youre going to take away what is so close and dear to them, then you should just make them slave, because you already taken away their hopes, dreams, and pride. No person should deserve all of this no matter what race they are. The Supreme Court told the white settlers that they couldnt settle on their land, but do you think that they listened? No they di dnt. Instead they decided to disrespect their land. The white settlers caused so much pain and suffering. To end their pain some got up and left on their own. But there were 18,000 Cherokee Indians werent that reluctant to go. They were/are called the National party. Eventually they got the boot. They had to travel 1,000 miles to their new territory, and on that long journey 4,000 Indians died. They didnt even get to reach their new home. They had to leave the graves of their love ones never to see them again. I just dont get it, they caused no pain or harm to any of those settlers. But yet those settlers had no problem causing pain and harm to them. I take personal offense to this because my great-great grandfather was half Cherokee Indian and his family had to do through this. Nobody deserves to be uprooted from his or her home for any type of reason. Now if I were a Cherokee Indian back at ...

What Contemporary Pressures or Influences have made 'Health and the Essay

What Contemporary Pressures or Influences have made 'Health and the use of illicit drugs' an Issue Health Policy Agenda - Essay Example . Although the mood altering drugs have been in use by the humans since several thousands of years, Australia had no illicit drugs consumption until 1950s. It was the American soldiers on vacation from Vietnam to Australia during 1960s who started spreading the use of cannabis and heroin in Australia. The Federal Senate’s approach during 1970s towards drugs use was that personal consumption of marijuana was not to be treated as a crime but the penalty could be monetary without any conviction record and also not to be used for punishment in repeat offences in future. But the Government did not approve (Pennington,1999). Australia was very vigorous right from the beginning going by the report of Cannabis arrests that almost rose by 1000 percent in New South Wales itself during 1966-1969. (Pennington,1999). This is quite encouraging but one fails to understand why in spite of the of tough attitude of the Government, use of illicit drugs are still widely prevalent in Australia. Thi s paper aims to trace the history of policy initiatives of successive Governments in Australia and examine contemporary pressures and issues that forces the present day Government to have the issue of illicit drugs as part of the country’s health policy. By virtue of being a U.N. member Australia has been influenced by the U.N. initiatives in connection with control of illicit drugs. Thus Australia has always been a signatory to various international treaties dealing with control of drugs such as Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961of the U.N., Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 of the U.N. and United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988. The Single Convention of 1961 imposes obligations on the signatory States to make laws to implement the provisions of the Convention. One of them is

E-Business Report on HMV.CO.UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

E-Business Report on HMV.CO.UK - Essay Example "e-commerce is just, when all is said and done, another kind of business. As with businesses that have come before it, there are countless "right" answers, endless combinations of business models and infinite permutations of key themes and approaches. There will be no magic bullet. No matter how often consultants and academics pretend that business is more science than art, every practitioner knows that business is almost all art, just as the genius of nearly every corporate strategy lies in its implementation." (Rayport, 1999). Indeed, these are strong words that have to be taken seriously when it comes to doing business on the Web. The reason behind these truthful remarks lies in the fact that not long ago, shortly after the increasing popularity of the Internet as a new technology, the infamous "Dot-Com Bubble" made e-marketers think and act much more cautiously regarding the real potentialities of the new technology as a profit-making tool. Rayport states it as follows: "Business models themselves do not offer solutions; rather, how each business is run determines its success. So the success of e-commerce businesses will hinge largely on the art of management even as it is enabled by the science of technology. The scarce resource will be, as it is in practically all of business, the building block of free enterprise: entrepreneurial, and increasingly managerial, talent." (Rayport, 1999). The "Dot-Com Bubble" sprang out of Amazon's new concept of dintermediation that would eventually make successful any online enterprise by eliminating the middleman. (InternetNews.Com, 2001). The concept of reintermediation was not considered into the new marketing mix as InternetNews.Com states it clearly: "Disintermediation is not a myth, but it is just one half of a process that any significant change in technology brings about. The other half is reintermediation, the introduction and reshuffling of players in the supply chain. Access to suppliers and information resources has become easily available; expertise and service cannot be downloaded." (InternetNews.Com, 2001). In spite of the negative effects of the "Dot-Com Bubble", Teri Robinson (2002) finds some lasting benefits of the sudden crash in the e-market. In her article published in E-Commerce Times, Robinson interviewed AMR Research analyst Louis Columbus who emphasised that the concept of integration surfaced to centre stage as a result of the "Dot-Com Bubble". Columbus said that "enterprises found that to develop a comprehensive e-commerce strategy, their applications had to work together seamlessly." (Robinson, 2002). The concept of integration is fundamental for any e-business model in the widest meaning of the word. It means integration at all levels of business operations. On the other hand, Robinson finds other key indirect benefits that surfaced as a real issue as a result of the e-market crash known as the "Dot-Com Bubble": "Referring to the Internet as a once-in-a-generation

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY - Research Paper Example Adler’s personality theories, in concert with the rest of his body of work, focused on human beings as individuals and worthy of study in terms of individual differences between people. But his theory on personality largely reflected the role of external events in shaping how we behave and how we react to certain stimuli. All in all, Alfred Adler’s creation of the field of individual psychology represented a leap forward in its basic assumptions, theoretical contributions, and informative concepts. The field of individual psychology has since become what is known as differential psychology, or the psychology of individual differences. This added notion of â€Å"differences† makes the subject matter clearer: namely, the study of how individuals are different from one another, rather than just of individuals’ characteristics. At its earliest stages under the classical Adlerian theory, individual psychology represented the theory of human behavior emphasizing the need to overcome feelings of inferiority by compensation and the need for personal striving. These kinds of claims would come to be reflected in the works of famous and influential psychologists like Viktor Frankl (also a psychoanalyst) and Abraham Maslow (Boeree, 1998). Adlerian psychology existed not merely as a scientific venture but also as a school of thought with applications: that is, because Adler theorized that human beings are goal-oriented, he thought psychology could help assist human beings (Pu get Sound Adlerian Society, 1999). Because Adler’s influence emerged so early in the history of psychology, he introduced a number of novel and innovative concepts to help explain his theories and findings. Among these concepts were (1) the creative self, (2) a lifestyle, and (3) an inferiority complex. With respect to the creative self, Adler meant that the responsibility for the individuals personality into his own hands. In other words, each

Natural Language and Computer Programs :: Computers Technology Technological Essays

Natural Language and Computer Programs Anyone who has tried to explain the workings of a computer, or even a VCR, to an older relative has a very good idea of why natural language operation is a goal of computer science researchers. Simply put, most people have no desire to learn a computer language in order to use their electronic devices. In order to allow people to effectively use computer-based systems, those systems must be programmed to understand natural language – the language a regular person speaks – and respond in kind. Most natural language-processing systems break that task down into two parts, comprehension and production. Some systems, like the search engine ask.com, where the user types in a whole interrogative sentence instead of a few terms to search for, are programmed to take commands in English and so have comprehension as their goal. Others, particularly those designed to pass the test proposed by Alan Turing in which a computer must pass as a human in conversation with an interrogator, are designed to simply produce realistic responses, sometimes without bothering to break down the input at all. For the purposes of simplicity, most natural language programs operate through typed input and printed or on-screen output, since speech recognition and production are just complications at this point and can always be integrated later, simply by having the program convert the speech to text and vice-versa. By working only with typed input, a whole host of obstacles to understanding are avoided. People, when speaking, have accents, slur words, change sentence structure mid-thought, stick in â€Å"like† anywhere they want, and do many other things that make everyday speech much less straightforward than the slightly more formal process of typing. Even typed, however, an English sentence is not an easy thing to parse. An example of this difficulty can be seen in the sentence â€Å"I left a job for my wife†. Out of context, it is impossible to determine which of two possible meanings is the correct one. Did the speaker leave a job (i.e. quit) because of his wife, or did he leave a job (i.e. let one remain) for his wife? A computer must be able to refer to the context around such a sentence in order to extract the meaning from it.

Principles and practces of management Essay

Q1)What are the fundamentals of staffing and manpower? Explain the different methods of selection recruitment, training and development. FUNDAMENTALS OF STAFFING Any organisational fabrication requires a variety of people, and the supply of people consists of differing types. The staffing function includes the process by which the right person is placed in the right organizational position. Human resource administration involves matching the jobs and people through preparation of specifications necessary for positions, appraising the performance of personnel, training and retraining of people to fit the needs of the organisational positions, and developing methods by which people will respond with maximum effort and increased satisfaction. Often the organisation structure includes a special functional department to administer the program. This often is called the personnel department. Thus, personnel management is very broad in its scope and covers variety of functions. Staffing is one among the various groups of functions. It is called 124 here as employment functions and includes various sub-functions. These functions are also called operative functions of the personnel department. Staffing is that part of the process of management, which is concerned with obtaining, utilizing and maintaining a satisfactory and satisfied work force. Its purpose is to establish and maintain sound personnel relations at all levels in the organisation so as to make effective use of personnel to attain the objectives of the organisation and to provide personal and social  satisfaction which the employees require. Staffing consists of a wide range of inter-related activities. In the words of Haimann â€Å"staffing function pertains to the recruitment, selection, development and compensation of subordinate managers. Staffing like all other managerial functions is a duty which the manager performs at all times In a book edited by R. D. Agarwal scope of staffing has been widened to include every possible activity relating to human beings in an organisation. â€Å"Staffing is a multi-step process. It consists of determination of manpower, transfer, demotion and termination.† In the words of Koontz and O’ Donnell staffing can be defined as â€Å"filling positions in the organisational structure through identifying work force requirements, inventorying the work force, recruitment, selection, placement, promotion, appraisal, compensation and training of people.† Staffing, like all other managerial functions, is the duty, which a manager performs at all times. Although this function is stated after planning and organizing, this should not be interpreted to mean that the manager should perform these two functions before staffing. It is a continuous process and every manager from top to bottom is continuously engaged in performing this function. Elements of Staffing Staffing or human resource process consists of a series of steps, which are given below: 1.Procurement- Employment of proper number and kind of personnel is the first function of staffing. This involves (a) Manpower planning, (b) Recruitment, (c) Selection, and (d) Placement. 2. Development- After placing the individuals on various jobs, it is necessary to train them so that they can perform their jobs efficiently. 3. Compensation- Compensating personnel mean determining adequate and equitable remuneration of personnel for their contributions to the  organisational goals. 4. Integration- It involves developing a sense of belonging to the enterprise. Sound communication system is required to develop harmony and team spirit among employees. 5. Maintenance- Maintenance involves provision of such facilities and services that are required to maintain the physical and mental health of employees. Recruitment Attracting the right candidates to apply for a job can be an expensive process. It is even more expensive when done badly because when unsuitable candidates apply for a job, then the post may need to be re-advertised – so it is best to get it right first time. The starting point is to carry out job analysis to identify the sorts of skills, knowledge and essential requirements that someone needs to have to carry out a job. These details can be set out in a job specification, which is passed on to recruiters – it gives them a picture of the ideal candidate. A job description is also helpful because it sets out: the title of a post when and where it will be carried out principal and ancillary duties of the post holder other details. The job description can be sent out to potential candidates along with a person specification, which sets out the desirable and essential characteristics that someone will need to have to be appointed to the post. A variety of media will be used to attract applications e.g. national newspapers for national jobs, and local papers and media for local posts. Job advertisements set out such details as: location of work salary closing date of application how to apply experience required qualifications expected Duties and responsibilities. Selection Selection simply involves choosing the right person for the job. Effective selection requires that the organisation makes the right prediction from data available about the various candidates for a post. Research indicates that the most valid form of selection method is the use of an assessment centre where candidates are subjected to a variety of test including interviews, group exercises, and presentations, ‘in-tray’ exercises, and so on. Psychometric (personality) tests have become increasingly popular in the UK in recent years and are often used alongside other tests. I Interviews will be most successful when they are tightly related to job analysis, job description and the person specification. In-tray exercises can be used for candidates to respond to work-related and other problems, which are presented to them in an in-tray to be processed. Training Training for employment is very important. In a modern economy like our own the nature of work is constantly changing. New technologies mean that new work skills are constantly required. To succeed in business or in a career, people will need to be very flexible about where they work and how they work, and to constantly change the range of skills they use at work. There are basically two types of training: On-the-job training Employees develop and improve their work skills whilst actually doing the job in question. For example, word processor operators rapidly improve their skills by constant practice. Supermarkets till operator quickly learn effective practice by working alongside a more skilled mentor. Off-the-job training Employers will often encourage their employees to develop their skills through off-the-job training courses. For example, a trainee may be allowed to attend a day-release course at the local college. This might apply to a wide range of different skills including hairdressing, banking, insurance,  electrical work and plumbing. Q2)Explain the nature and functions of Directing. NATURE OF DIRECTION-FUNCTIONS OFMANAGEMENT Direction is one of the most important functions of management. A good plan may have been checked out, sound organisation may have been evolved and a sound team of workers may be employed, but all these will not produce any result until there is proper direction of the people in the use of various resources. Direction helps in achieving coordination among various operations of the enterprise. It is only after the performance of direction function that the purpose of planning, organising and staffing is achieved. Directing is the process around which all performance revolves. It is the essence of operation and co-ordination is a necessary by-product of good managerial directing. Pervasiveness of Direction Direction is a pervasive function of management. It exists at every level, location and operation throughout an enterprise. Some people think that only the managers at the lower level who deal directly with the workers, perform the direction function. This point of view is not correct. Direction function must be performed by every manager at different levels of the enterprise. For instance, chief executive of a company interprets the objectives and policies of the company and delegates’ authority to the departmental managers, the direction function is part and parcel of these activities. Every manager, regardless of the number of subordinates, performs this function because he is busy in giving instructions to the subordinates, guiding them, and motivating them for the achievement of certain goals. Continuing Function Like any other function of management, directing is a continuing activity. A  manager never ceases to direct, guide and supervises his subordinates. A manager who issues orders and instructions and thinks his job is complete is committing a very serious error. He must continuously supervise the execution of his orders or instructions by the subordinates. He should also provide them effective leadership and motivation. Thus, he will have to continue to devote considerable time on the direction function. Direction has got following characteristics: 1. Pervasive Function – Directing is required at all levels of organization. Every manager provides guidance and inspiration to his subordinates. 2. Continuous Activity – Direction is a continuous activity as it continuous throughout the life of organization. 3. Human Factor – Directing function is related to subordinates and therefore it is related to human factor. Since human factor is complex and behaviour is unpredictable, direction function becomes important. 4. Creative Activity – Direction function helps in converting plans into performance. Without this function, people become inactive and physical resources are meaningless. 5. Executive Function – Direction function is carried out by all managers and executives at all levels throughout the working of an enterprise, a subordinate receives instructions from his superior only. 6. Delegate Function – Direction is supposed to be a function dealing with human beings. Human behaviour is unpredictable by nature and conditioning the people’s behaviour towards the goals of the enterprise is what the executive does in this function. Therefore, it is termed as having delicacy in it to tackle human behaviour. The director must try to harmonize individual objectives of the workers to the group objective and also personal objectives with organization’s objectives for the work to be carried out harmoniously. The worker should receive orders from only one supervisor. The supervisor as much as possible should give personal supervision to the workers so as to motivate and raise their morale. The supervisor should enhance the communication between the workers so as to give them opportunity to express their feelings. In such ways the worker understands whatever is being communicated more easily. After giving the orders and instructions the supervisor must follow through  to ensure that this is done. It is essential for the supervisor to exercise dynamic leadership so as to win the trust and confidence of the subordinates. Subordinates are given orders and instructions by managers so that they are able to work efficiently and effectively. Therefore instructions must emanate from the superior person to the subordinates. A good order must be unambiguous to be understood by the recipients. It must also be in line with the objectives of the organization and should be reasonable and within the authority of the subordinate. The order must specify the time duration of carrying it out and preferably it should be written for greater clarity. The manager cannot be able to do all the directing functions required in an organization. He therefore delegates some authority and responsibilities to his subordinates so that the goals and objectives of the organization can be understood by the lowest of the worker. Delegation has some challenges one of them being that it is difficult to fully spell out the tasks and duties of all subordinates which lead to overlapping of duties. The extent of delegated authority and responsibility might not be clear and at times might even differ with the nature of work assigned to a subordinate. Too rigid delegation of authority discourages creativity of the subordinates. Directing involves guiding, inspiring and leading people so that they accomplish predetermined objectives. If the directing function is done well, work in an organization is efficiently and effectively done. The function of directing influences the subordinates and motivates them into meeting the organization’s goals. Directing function deals with human factor which is complex and therefore presents challenges to directors. After giving people orders on how things are supposed to be done it is essential that it is ensured that the orders are carried out. Managers by the function of directing are able to control and influence the actions of the subordinates. After assembling the factors of production and formulating the rules and procedures by the directors, the subordinates are directed into finalizing the process of production. After all the necessary planning, organizing and staffing the organization is in place, management now gets things done by way of directing the subordinates. Directing ensures that subordinates carry  out duties as required. Poor directing function can lead to spoiling an otherwise good planning, organizing and staffing process which would make the meeting of goals and objectives of the organization difficult. This is because nothing really can happen until there is the function of directing. The importance of direction in an organisation can be viewed by the fact that every action is initiated through direction. It is the human element which handles the other resources of the organisation. Each individual in the organisation is related with others and his functioning affects others and, in turn, is affected by others. This makes the functioning of direction all the more important Directing has the following characteristics features: 1 It is the function of the superior manager and runs from top to down in the organisation structure. A subordinate has to receive instructions for doing his job from his superior 2 Direction implies issuing orders and instruction. Besides issuing orders and instruction a superior also guides and counsels his subordinates to do his job properly. 3 The top management gives broad direction to the middle level managers who in turn give specific direction to the lower level management. 4 The four important aspects of directing are supervision, motivation, leadership and communication. All these functions are interconnected and mutually dependent. Direction is one of the most important functions of management. A good plan may have been checked out, sound organisation may have been evolved and a sound team of workers may be employed, but all these will not produce any result until there is proper direction of the people in the use of various resources. Direction helps in achieving coordination among various operations of the enterprise. It is only after the performance of direction function that the purpose of planning, organizing and staffing is achieved. Directing is the process around which all performance revolves. It is the essence of operation and co-ordination is a necessary by-product of good managerial  directing. Q3) What is the importance of planning in an organization? Describe the different plans with their objectives. Planning means looking ahead. It is deciding in advance what is to be done. Planning includes forecasting. According to Henry Fayol – â€Å"purveyance, which is an essential element of planning, covers not merely looking into the future but making provisions for it. A plan is then a projected course of action†. All planning involves anticipation of the future course of events and therefore bears an element of uncertainty in respect of its success. Planning is concerned with the determination of the objectives to be achieved and course of action to be followed to achieve them. Before any operative action takes place it is necessary to decide what, where, when and who shall do the things. Decision making is also an important element of planning. Planning determines both long-term and short-term objectives and also of the individual departments as well as the entire organisation. According to Fayol – â€Å"The plan of action is, at one and the same time, the result envisaged, the line of action to be followed, the stages to go through, and the methods to use. It is a kind of future picture wherein proximate events are outlined with some distinctness†¦.† Planning is a mental process requiring the use of intellectual faculties’ imagination, foresight, sound judgment etc. Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. It involves the selection of objectives, Functions of Management policies, procedures and Programmes from among alternatives. A plan is a predetermined course of action to achieve a specified goal. It is a statement of objectives to be achieved by certain means in the future. In short, it is a blueprint for action. According to Louis A Allen – â€Å"Management planning involves the development of forecasts, objectives, policies, programmes, procedures, schedules and budgets†. According to Theo Haimann – â€Å"Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. When a manager plans, he projects a course of action, for the future, attempting to achieve a consistent, coordinated structure of operations aimed at the desired results†. According to Koontz O’Donnel –  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Planning is an intellectual process, the conscious determination of courses of action, the basing of decisions on purpose, acts and considered estimates†. 1 Planning is goal-oriented: Every plan must contribute in some positive way towards the accomplishment of group objectives. Planning has no meaning without being related to goals. 2. Primacy of Planning: Planning is the first of the managerial functions. It precedes all other management functions. 3. Pervasiveness of Planning: Planning is found at all levels of management. Top management looks after strategic planning. Middle management is in charge of administrative planning. Lower management has to concentrate on operational planning. 4. Efficiency, Economy and Accuracy: Efficiency of plan is measured by its contribution to the objectives as economically as possible. Planning also focuses on accurate forecasts. 5. Co-ordination: Planning co-ordinates the what, who, how, where and why of planning. Without co-ordination of all activities, we cannot have united efforts. 6. Limiting Factors: A planner must recognise the limiting factors (money, manpower etc) and formulate plans in the light of these critical factors. 7. Flexibility: The process of planning should be adaptable to changing environmental conditions. 8. Planning is an intellectual process: The quality of planning will vary according to the quality of the mind of the manager Advantages of Planning All efforts are directed towards desired objectives or results. Unproductive work and waste of resources can be minimized. Planning enables a company to remain competitive with other rivals in the industry. Through careful planning, crisis can be anticipated and mistakes or delays avoided. Planning can point out the need for future change and the enterprise can manage the change effectively. Planning enables the systematic and thorough investigation of alternative methods or alternative solutions to a problem. Thus we can select the best alternative to solve any business problem. Planning maximizes the utilization of available resources and ensures optimum productivity and profits. Planning provides the ground work for laying down control standards. Planning enables management to relate the  whole enterprise to its complex environment profitably The planning process involves the following steps: 1. Analysis of External Environment: The external environment covers uncontrollable and unpredictable factors such as technology, market, socio-economic climate, political conditions etc., within which our plans will have to operate. 2. Analysis of Internal Environment: The internal environment covers relatively controllable factors such as personnel resources, finance, facilities etc., at the disposal of the firm. Such an analysis will give an exact idea about the strengths and weakness of the enterprise. 3. Determination of Mission: The â€Å"mission† should describe the fundamental reason for the existence of an organization. It will give firm direction and make out activities meaningful and interesting. 4. Determination of Objectives: The organizational objectives must be spelled out in key areas of operations and should be divided according to various departments and sections. The objectives must be clearly specified and measurable as far as possible. Every member of the organisation should be familiar with its objectives. 5. Forecasting: Forecasting is a systematic attempt to probe into the future by inference from known facts relating to the past and the present. Intelligent forecasting is essential for planning. The management should have no stone unturned in reducing the element of guesswork in preparing forecasts by collecting relevant data using the scientific techniques of analysis and inference. 6. Determining Alternative course of Action: It is a common experience of all thinkers that an action can be performed in several ways, but there is a particular way which is the most suitable for the organisation. The management should try to find out these alternatives and examine them carefully in the light of planning premises. 7. Evaluating Alternative Courses: Having sought out alternative courses and examined their strong and weak points, the next step is to evaluate them by weighing the various factors. 8. Selecting the Best: The next step – selecting the course of action is the point at which the plan is adopted. It is the real point of decision-making. 9. Establishing the sequence of activities: After the best programme is decided upon, the next task is to work out its details and formulate the steps in full sequences. 10. Formulation of Action Programmes: There are three important constituents  of an action plan: l The time-limit of performance. l The allocation of tasks to individual employees. l The time-table or schedule of work so that the functional objectives are achieved within the predetermined period. 11. Reviewing the planning process: Through feedback mechanism, an attempt is made to secure that which was originally planned. To do this we have to compare the actual performance with the plan and then we have to take necessary corrective action to ensure that actual performance is as per the plan.

A Case Study of a First-grade Student - 1344 Words

This case study consists of a first grade student, Adam, who displays minimal social interaction and exhibits patterns of disruptive behavior in the form of tantrums. Although he has deficits in communication and social skills, Adam excels in completing certain tasks that are designed for upper level students. After reviewing the symptoms and the reactions he exhibits, I believe the student has Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). At this time, I would choose treatment options that implement behavior modification techniques. I believe this is the correct form of treatment due to his behaviors not being severe enough to be treated with medication. He is not exhibiting out of control conduct and displays some social skills. Behavior therapy teaches the person that through certain techniques they can minimize their symptoms. Side effects from medication can have serious effects on a child’s developing brain, â€Å"’Autistic children have a broader range of side effects than do non-autistic individuals,’ Dr. Elliott says. ‘I often think of them as having a â€Å"raw brain† effect. Its like having sunburn; things that normally wouldnt affect you, like a pat on the back, do. You have to be more careful getting started’† (Arky, 2012). These medications can have long-term side effects if not taken or monitored correctly. Based on the condition of the patient, I believe behavioral modification techniques would be the most effective treatment in this case. When dealing with children that areShow MoreRelated A Comparison of Schools in the U.S. and Japan Essay1283 Words   |  6 PagesJapan In Japanese schools, from elementary schools to universities, teachers direct what students should do or how they should be. Students follow the school rules and the directions of teachers. 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